Mccarthy’s Novel the Road Is About Man’s Inherent Altruism in a World of Selfishness

The man in The Road is portrayed as a very religious individual, this is indisputable. One could deduce from this that therefore he is selfless in protecting his son and carrying on in the times in which he finds himself. This viewpoint contrasts with the one that the man is selfish with his actions, doing everything to survive and not helping anyone he meets on his journey. All the decisions the man makes throughout the novel can be used as examples to argue each point of view, and it may be that it is a mixture of both. Maybe the man acts in a selfless way due to selfish beliefs. The whole image of religious self-sacrifice by the man is probably what McCarthy intended, this can be seen through his determination to preserve his son’s life. An example of this is when he defends his son from the man from the truck. He risks everything by shooting the man as this leaves only one bullet in the chamber of the revolver, as he intends to use it in a life threatening situation to kill his son, it means that he will probably die while suffering. His whole determination to stay alive could be seen as to only keep the boy alive, this is seen as selfless as he only wishes to help the boy survive, not himself. This altruism is directly connected to the man’s solid belief in god and in what he is doing. Throughout the novel other people’s selfishness can be seen, the cannibalism and stealing juxtapose with the man’s proper behaviour; he tells his son that they would never eat someone and shows generosity towards the old man. Cannibalism is an indication of how people act immorally in the novel in order to stay alive in the novel, the man refuses to do this and is therefore portrayed as having a higher morality than anyone else. On the other hand one could identify the man’s behaviour as purely selfish, he has a fixed idea in his head, he is protecting his son for his own given mission to be complete. The man does not wish to help anyone other than himself, he only reluctantly helps the old man when his son insists, and happily takes the clothes off a defenceless man later on, returning them only again as a result of his son’s persistence. He acts immorally on several occasions, not offering assistance to the man who had been struck by lightning and locking the people in the basement again when he had discovered them instead of helping. It could be argued that everything an individual does is aimed at personal gain, selfishness, either physical or psychological. The man is certainly benefiting psychologically from keeping his son alive as he believes he is doing the right thing and fulfilling his purpose. Also his religious morality can be questioned, as he considers suicide even though this is not allowed according to the bible. The fact that he does not become a cannibal may be used to identify him as still retaining some kind of moral code, however, he does anything to keep him and the boy alive and it is not improbable that in a situation of severe starvation he would have turned to cannibalism had it been an option. From all of his actions in the novel, the reader can justifiably come to the conclusion that the man is just as selfish as the other people trying to survive in the post-apocalyptic world. The man can certainly be described as selfless as well as selfish, he aims towards a noble goal but does not let anything stop him, and he identifies other’s lives as less important than the boy’s. Even though he is not described as committing highly immoral actions such as cannibalism, it cannot be ruled out that from his actions we can deduce that this is what he would have turned to had the situation permitted it. On the other hand does acting immorally indicate acting selfishly, in the novel it certainly does but this may not actually be the case, it may be argued that the immoral actions by the man are done to help the boy survive. McCarthy links selfishness to immoral actions quite strongly in the book and so due to this the man is presented to the reader as selfless, this was the intention of the writer and the reader will most probably grasp this attitude while reading the book. Upon further thought however, it may be seen that the man is simply selfish and there is nothing more to him than that.

Politics and Education Essay

Education can develop the personality of a person not physically but mentally as well. An educated person can look at a certain issue from various perspectives. A politician has to control over a large community therefore, he needs some extra ordinary skills and the first thing which can make him distinguished, is his qualification. Education can increase his communication and speaking skills. A politician is a social member and his interactions with people are frequent, therefore, he needs maturity and sensibility in his talk and behavior. This is certainly possible with proper education. A politician is the representative of a nation and he should be the perfect person by all means and education plays an important role in making anyone perfect to a great extent. But then, I don’t necessarily think that they need to have degrees in a particular field but broader understanding would certainly help. They must have minimum qualification†¦they need to be knowledgeable and must understand the laws. Politicians like Abraham Lincoln set an example of people who had no real formal education and look at the jobs they did and the leadership they offered†¦It is true that there have been great leaders who were uneducated, Kamaraj in India, for example. But, such gems are a rarity. In life, compromises must be made. Until an intelligent and foolproof plan exists for electing such gems from the public, we must resort to what is best for the common man. An educated person is more likely to do a good job as a politician than an illiterate person. Education is a process that makes people more humane and teaches them a lot about the country, how to express themselves through effective communication and so on I think the only key thing they need to be educated in is the Constitution and process of government. A lot of the early leaders of the country were not well educated even for the time. Some foundation of knowledge is beneficial and they definitely need to be able to reason and learn. They need leadership quality, power in speech, integrity, sincerity, honesty and purity in whatever actions they take for development of country.

21st Century Trends in Human Health

21st Century Trends in Human Health Human Health in the 21st Century: Global Trends, Developments and Challenges Ntsebo Immaculate Molapo Introduction The twentieth century saw the introduction of many antimicrobials and antibiotics which have been efficient in reducing the mortality rate from 797 deaths per 100000 people in 1900 to 36 per 100000 in 1980 (Arsmtrong, et al., 1999). Although there is a decline in the twentieth century, there are some sharp spikes in mortality in 1918 which was due to the influenza epidemic. Industrial progress during the second half of twentieth century, with the inherent socio-economic changes, has possibly been the driver to improve hygiene and health in Western countries, notably decreasing poverty-related morbidity and mortality. The health population as a sustainable condition requires protection continuing to ensure (Lastovica & Skirrow, 2000): Environmental clean air, clean water, adequate food, tolerable temperatures, stable climate, and high levels of biodiversity. But econ omic development also presents excessive backfire secondary to massive industrialization that generates a global deterioration of environmental conditions, with negative impact on human health (Nachamkin, Szymanski & Blaser, 2008). The results numerous scientific studies suggest that human activities, mainly the massive use of fuels fossils, have modified the natural composition of air. Air pollution from greenhouse gases produces a surface heating land beyond the natural variability of the climate system, conditioning the so called climate change (Graham et al 1987). Food and Water borne Diseases The bacteria â€Å"Campylobacter† is the second cause of most frequently reported food borne illness. A comprehensive approach to food safety from farm to table is needed to reduce Campylobacteriosis (Graham et al 1987). Farmers, industry, and food inspectors, food vendors, workers in food service and consumers are each critical link in the chain of food safety. This document answer s common questions about Campylobacter, describes how the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is attending the problem of contamination of meat and poultry products with Campylobacter and offers guidelines for food handling to prevent bacteria like Campylobacter cause disease (Marshall et al 1985). Salmonella is also a bacterium which is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles and mammals (Marshall et al 1985). It can spread to humans through a variety of different foods of animal origin. The disease causing â€Å"Salmonellosis† include fever, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. In people with impaired immune systems underlying health or weakened, it can invade the bloodstream and cause infections that endanger life (Friedman, 2000). E. coli O157: H7 is bacterial pathogen that has a reservoir in cattle and other similar animals. The human disease occurs after consumption of food or water that has been contaminate d with microscopic amounts of cow faeces, causing, often a severe and bloody diarrhoea and cramps painful abdominal, without much fever. In 3% to 5% of cases, you may receive a complication called haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) several weeks after the initial symptoms. This severe complication includes temporary anaemia, heavy bleeding and kidney failure (Friedman, 2000). Campylobacter: Sources of disease and risk factors Sources and incidence of disease differ, sometimes greatly, between developed and developing countries. Transmission from person to person is considered rare in developed countries. By contrast, in developing countries human carriers may have a greater role in the transmission of infection function. In general, it is thought that chickens, poultry and other foods are the most likely sources of infection in developed countries. Number of cases notified beings Human per 100 000 inhabitants caused by Campylobacter jejuni / coli. The data presented are the data avail able to the drafting group until June 2006 (Blaser et al 2008).

Resource Management - Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Resource Management - Business Plan - Essay Example existing market trends, customer’s requirements, and the ways to fulfill their needs. Our aim is to provide our customers with highest quality services and products to keep them staying with us again and again. At small scale, the company will mostly contain male professional customers between the ages of 18 to 65 years of medium to high income. On the large extent, we will focus on retailers and wholesale dealers. We believe that by getting crucial financial support through its sale, in 02 years, the company will be able to capture 5-10% of the premium cigar market in the Greece. ABC Tobacco has estimated that its market share revenues will be of $1000000 in  a year and $1600000 and $2300000 at the end of 2nd and 3rd year respectively. We will specialize in the tobacco field and our mission is to gain and maintain the top position in tobacco industry by offering high-quality cigars at inexpensive rates and at easily approachable sites. ABC Tobacco Company is a Greek based corporation  and is equally shared and owned by Michael Collins as president, Jonathan Smith as vice president, and Jeffery Thompson as production manager. The administrative composition of the company has been designed on divisional structure as shown in the following figure. The results carried out through a recent survey reveal that the use of all types of tobacco brands is almost constant in all age groups. ABC Tobacco is going to launch its tobacco brands in ten major cities of Greece where the biggest cigarette user age group is 18 to 25 years. The following data represents the percentage of tobacco user age groups of different brands. Men use typical type of tobacco more frequently. But generally pipe and cigar smokers remain in touch with a particular product. Another interesting trend in pipe smokers is their continuous purchase of extra pipe. The survey reports point out that pipe smokers feel themselves comfortable by purchasing extra pipes. ABC will have to train its

Evaluating an International Human Resource Strategy (TESCO) Essay

Evaluating an International Human Resource Strategy (TESCO) - Essay Example Moreover, I would be discussing the entire chunk of international HR strategy into the following five major and broad categories, namely; In addition, I would be stressing out the major issues which the Tesco Plc representatives and it HR department would have to be catered with when extending and flourishing its activities into another region of world on the basis of contractual relationships with its new appointed joint venture partners. Furthermore, I would also be discussing and detailing out some of the other relevant aspects and areas related to Tesco plc, which would probably be including; Hence, the overall and comprehensive purpose of this report is the evaluation, recommendation and analysis of vital and relevant international HR strategies and issues with which Tesco Plc would be challenged when it plan out to take certain growth initiatives under is business circle with its foreign joint venture partner in the market area of China. Tesco PLC  is one of the largest and popular British  multinational  Company which is directly engaged and associated in the business of grocery and general nature merchandise retailer, having its headquarter in  Cheshunt, Hertfordshire in England, United Kingdom (Tescoplc.com, 2014). Furthermore, Tesco Plc is recognized as the second largest retailer all over the globe, after  Wal-Mart, when it comes to the measurement of its overall profits and revenues. Company is quite successful in establishing its chain of merchandise stores in more than 12 countries scattered all around the regions of Asia,  North America, Malaysia, Thailand, the  Republic of Ireland and Europe (Reuters, 2014). In addition, Tesco Plc is essentially considered as one of the grocery market leader in entire region of the UK, where it accumulates the overall market share of approximately 30% on aggregate basis in similar industry. Historically speaking, Tesco

Sustainable Food Business Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Food Business Sector - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the sustainable foods are produced in the best possible ways and are traded within the ethical norms without causing any harmful impact on the society or the environment The food products that are termed as sustainable are produced and traded in such a fashion that it contributes towards the sustainable livelihoods as well as the local economies, enhances protection towards animals and plants and also takes into consideration the welfare of wild as well as farmed species, it also takes into account all possible measures so as not to cause any damage to the natural resources and contribute positively towards the climate, and provide various kinds of social benefits such as good food quality, educational opportunities and healthy and safe products. With the rise of a globalized economy, there has also been an increase in demand toward the food sector. The companies in the sustainable food sector need to meet the demand that is created in the consumer market being aligned with the environmental policies and norms and also with the sustainability agenda. There are many companies in this sector but one of the most renowned companies who has set its mark on the sustainable food sector is Kraft Food Group. Kraft Food is a grocery manufacturing company in America. The group is also into processing conglomerate. The company has its headquarters in Chicago. The company was incorporated in the year 2012 after there was a demerger that took place and the name of the original company was changed to Mondelez International. This company is now used for distributing the confectionary and snacks brand of Kraft Food. On the contrary, the Krafts food group is totally focused on the North American market and deals with grocery products. The company in the present scenario is known for its sustainability measures that it incorporates in all its products so as to offer the healthiest products to its consumers and also safeguards the environment by utilizi ng all forms of renewable energy resources.

Lab#2 concrete mix design and compression tests Lab Report

#2 concrete mix design and compression tests - Lab Report Example Concrete quality control is an essential practice to ensure consistency in both the fresh and hardened concrete. Some of the laboratory methods used for concrete quality control include; slump test, compressive strength test and workability tests. The primary objective for this experimental study was to identify the characteristics exhibited by concrete materials and to familiarize with the commonly used laboratory specimen manufacturing and testing methods. In design and quality control of concrete, the most specified concrete property is strength. This can be attributed to the fact that testing methods available are relatively easy and furthermore; other concrete properties such as resistance to weathering and fire, elastic modulus, and impermeability are directly linked to strength. This means that having the strength data, then the other properties can be deduced. A good concrete mix should take into account the following key attributes: workability, consistency, strength, water cement ratio, durability, density, slump expected, and heat and chemical resistance. The relative proportions of concrete components, either by volume or weight, will closely influence its properties in both fresh and hardened state. The cement-water paste forms the active component in the concrete material, which is dependent on the characteristics of materials used and their relative proportions. The aggregates used must be well graded to minimize air voids in the concrete matrix. Generally, concrete mix designs are currently being over-designed for the fear of production of results that will not meet the minimum strength criteria specified by the engineer concerned. There is therefore need for analysis of concrete compressive strength variance and understanding of the criteria for proper concrete mix designs suitable for various applications. Concrete is a

A Comparison of Hamlet by shakespears and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Essay

A Comparison of Hamlet by shakespears and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - Essay Example Hamlet’s world changes when his father dies and his mother almost immediately marries his Uncle Claudius, the murderer of the old king. R.P. McMurphy is committed to the psychiatric hospital instead of a prison sentence and enters a world completely dominated by a masochistic nurse who sits â€Å"in the center of this web of wires like a watchful robot, tend[s] her network with mechanical insect skill, know[s] every second which wire runs where and just what current to send up to get the results she wants† (30). The common theme in each plot is a rise against tyranny in defense of honor in order to defeat the evil repressor.   Both Hamlet and McMurphy are presented as anti-heroes as neither one really possesses an abundance of traditional heroic characteristics, but each end up dying to defend justice. Each character is brought into their situation through their use of insanity to discover the truth. This is shown as Hamlet only acts insane around certain people, namely Polonius and Claudius, while he seeks the truth. He finds it by convincing the traveling players to perform the â€Å"Murder of Gonzago† that closely parodies the murder of the king by Claudius. â€Å"I prithee, when thou seest that act a foot, / Even with the very comment of thy soul / Observe my uncle. If his occulted guilt / Do not itself unkennel in one speech, / It is a damned ghost that we have seen† (III, ii). This is similar to McMurphy’s role as he feigns insanity to escape the hard work at the Pendleton Work Farm, â€Å"Don’t overlook the possibility that this man might be feigning psychosis to escape the drudgery of the work farm† (46), but discovers the truth of the ward and Nurse Ratchett’s controlling influence over it when he tries to follow her rules. Like Hamlet, McMurphy only displays himself as insane around certain people, but displays humane

Friction, Work, And Kinetic Energy Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friction, Work, And Kinetic Energy - Lab Report Example Static friction is denoted as Fstatic. An inequality has been modified; Fstatic ≠¤ ms N where i ms is the coefficient of static friction and N is the normal force exerted by a surface on the object. The normal force is defined as the perpendicular component of the force exerted by the surface. In this experiment, the normal force is equal to the weight of the object because it’s on a horizontal surface Exertion of enough force to move the box requires that the same or more force be applied to keep the box moving to the desired direction to prevent loss of equilibrium which will cause it to stop moving. The friction acting on the box while it is moving is called kinetic friction (Hugh and Roger 2008). In order to slide the box with a constant velocity, a force equivalent to the force of kinetic friction must be applied. Static and kinetic friction depends on the surfaces of the box and the floor and on how hard the box and floor is pressed together. Kinetic friction is modeled with Fkinetic =  µk N where  µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction. In general, this coefficient is less than that for static friction. The mass of the container was measured and recorded. Motion detector was connected to the PC with a USB cable. Kinetic friction icon on the desktop was double clicked to open the program for data collection and analysis A plastic ball was placed on the track and the track leveled by adjusting the track’s feet for the ball to stay in rest. The Motion Detector was placed on the track and positioned so that it could detect the motion of the block as it was sliding towards the detector. No, the kinetic friction does not depend on speed. It only depends on the surfaces in contact. From the data collected during the experiment, it is evident that the speed/velocity of the sliding block does not affect the coefficient of the kinetic

Iran-Contra affair Essay Example for Free

Iran-Contra affair Essay The Iran-Contra affair was a US scandal that occurred in the mid 1980s under the leadership of President Ronald Reagan and vice president George bush. The scandal majorly involved two events. First, there was the sale of US arms to one of its main enemies, Iran and then the millions of dollars in profits derived from the arms deal were used to finance a clandestine operation rejected by congress, the financing of Nicaraguan guerrillas named the Contra. The Contra guerillas were opponents of the Nicaraguan’s Sandinista rebels who came to power after overthrowing Anastasio Somoza, the then leader of Nicaragua in the year 1979. The idea was to secure the release of American hostages held by the Hezbollah terrorists. This scandal prompted numerous investigations that led the indictment of US government officials. Indeed, many questions still linger on the minds of many concerning the role played by top US White House officials including President Reagan and the then vice president George Bush (TheFreeDictionary, 2009). This paper will discuss some of the dealings in the arms trade, stating their historical background, reasons behind the trade, the parties involved and its eventual outcome. The Contra Affair first received public attention in November 1986 after al-sharia, a Lebanese publication reported that the American government was involved in arms trade with Iran. Worse still, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supply plane was shot down by the Nicaraguan forces. The only survivor was the pilot and he was captured. The plane was carrying, over 50 000 rounds of ammunition, Russian rifles and boots (Tristam, 2009). The confession of the pilot shocked the public indicating that the US government was involved in arming the contra rebels and also confirmed the earlier reports in the Lebanese publication. The irony was that President Ronald Reagan was on record as having numerously associated the Iran government with terrorism (TheFreeDictionary, 2009). Why Reagan supported the Sandinistas To Reagan, the victory of the Sandinista in Nicaragua was a major US security threat since he thought that it had the potential of sparking off a revolution in Central America (BBC News Channel, 2004). The fear could be traced back to 1954 when Jacobo Arbenz won the elections to become president of Guatemala. What alarmed the US government was his oratory which indicated that the US government was on the verge of losing its control in Central America. In 1979, the Sandinistas overthrew the Arbenz government and initiated communist reforms. This was in spite of the fact that in actual sense they never really defined themselves as communists but as pluralists. They began to reallocate estates and to redistribute wealth and this was enough to alarm the United States which became uncomfortable with having a communist state right in its backyard. Violence also erupted spreading to other countries and this was seen as an indication that communism could end up spreading to other countries in Central America (BBC News Channel, 2004). Reagan was alarmed by these developments and felt that he had to do whatever it took to stop this. Fortunately for him, other groups within Nicaragua began arming themselves against the policies initiated by the Sandinistas. Reagan’s hope then lay in equipping the rebels in an attempt to overthrow the Sandinistas government. At first he allocated the funds openly and even gave additional funds to the CIA to carry out his mission. However, the allocation of funds to the contras was opposed within the United States throwing his plans to the gutter. Ronald Reagan involvement with Iran Ronald Reagan was known to have publicly referred to Iran as one of the nations that both supported and financed terrorism in the world. It therefore seemed to be a stab in the back for US citizens when the world heard reports that the US was trading arms with its worst enemy. The entire situation could be traced back to the 1980 US presidential elections. These pitted the then president Jimmy Carter against the implicated Ronald Reagan. The period between the 1970s and 1980 was one characterized by numerous incidences of hostage taking. In the year 1979, fifty two workers of the US embassy in Iran were captured by Iranian students and held hostage. The US at the time proclaimed a ‘no- negotiation’ policy when dealing with terrorists. The then president Jimmy Carter failed to secure the release of these hostages (Absolute astronomy, 2009). During the elections, Jimmy Carter was slightly taking the lead and if only the US hostages held by the Hezbollah group had been released, it could have been a sure win for Carter. The release of the hostages then became the decisive factor on who would win the elections. This prompted the Reagan team to negotiate a release deal with Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran. This team met with the then prime minister of Iran Bani-sadr in Paris. The agreement reached was that the US hostages would remain captives until after the election and in extension of this favor, Iran would be supplied with weapons. At that time, Iran was at war with Iraq and the supply of weapons was absolutely welcomed. It therefore came to be that immediately after Reagan won the elections, the hostages were released (Angel Force, n. d). Arms transactions The US received special assistance from Israel to carry out the sale of arms to moderate Iranians opposed to Ayatollah Khomeni. Michael Ledeen and Robert McFarlane the then National Security Adviser managed to convince the Israeli government to ship arms to these politically influential Iranians in return for the same kind of weapons along with monetary benefits. Israel agreed but in the mean time Reagan was hospitalized for a colon cancer surgery. Later on, Israel tried to convince the United States to allow Israel to sell a few antitank missiles as an indication that the Iranian group had strong US ties. This offer was initially rejected but eventually Israel managed to convince Reagan that the group was an antiterrorist group. The group in return had promised to talk to the captor to release seven hostages, a proposal that Reagan readily consented to. The plan was later readjusted such that the arms were now to be sold directly to the Iranians at a marked up price of about 715 million dollars as suggested by North. This price was rejected but eventually over one thousand anti-tank missiles were shipped. The adjustments also included the financing of the contras contrary to the Boland Amendments that restricted the US administration and the CIA from financing the contras. (Absolute astronomy, 2009). The scandal blew up after Mehdi Hashemi a cleric with the Islamic revolutionary guards leaked information concerning the trade to Ash-Shiraa, a renowned Lebanese magazine. This together with the crashing of a CIA plane led to Reagan’s confession in the national television that the arms deal transactions had indeed taken place. His argument was that the trade had taken place in an attempt to forge better ties with Iran and to also to make Iran reconsider a negotiation for the release of held hostages (Absolute astronomy, 2009). Conclusion The Iran-Contra Scandal led to the sacking of numerous government officials including Oliver North who was sacked and also tried for the shredding of evidence (some say that the evidence was bulky enough to jam the government’s shredding machine. In his defense, North tried to link the case with the Vietnam War by arguing that the main issue in the affair was the actual financing of the contras (Isaacs, (1997). He also attempted to justify his action by saying that it fell within his powers. The president’s popularity ratings also dropped from a high of 67% to a low of 46%. Internationally, the scandal sent harmful signal to terror indicating that hostage taking could be used as a powerful means of coaxing political influence with the west (Absolute astronomy, 2009). References Absolute astronomy. (2009). Iran-Contra Affair. Retrieved on 28th March, 2009, from: http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/topics/Iran-Contra_Affair BBC News Channel. (2004). Reagan and the Iran-Contra affair. Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/americas/269619. stm Isaacs, A. (1997) Vietnam Shadows. Baltimore London: John Hopkins University Press. TheFreeDictionary. (2009). Iran-Contra Affair . Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://www. acc. af. mil/news/story. asp? id=123080422 Tristam, P. (2009). What Was the Arms-for-Hostages Iran-Contra Affair? Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://middleeast. about. com/od/usmideastpolicy/f/me081109f. htm Angel Force. (n. d). Iran-Contra. Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://www. angelfire. com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch7. html

Scientific Concept of Magnetism

Scientific Concept of Magnetism There are two essential requirements for generating a magnetic field which are magnetic material and current. The magnetic field is a region in which the magnetic effect due to electric current or of a magnet is precipitated. When small magnet is brought in the vicinity then torque will be experienced on the test magnet up to this magnet becomes oriented in a particular direction. The magnitude of this torque is nothing but measurement of the strength of the magnetic field and the shown direction of orientation which is the direction of the field. Magnetism means it is a physical phenomenon involving magnetic fields and whose effects upon materials. The magnetic fields may be set by electric currents or by magnets. In the magnetic material, the individual atoms cause magnetic fields when whose electrons have a net magnetic moment due to their angular momentum. Due to angular momentum of charged particle a magnetic moment arises whose cooperative effect acquires the macroscopic magnetic field of a permanent magnet. Hence only one kind of magnetism was known until 1821which was produced by iron magnets. It was proved that when an electric current flows in a wire then needle of compass moves nearby it. This new phenomenon was studied by Ampere, concluded that the nature of magnetism which was quite different from basically a force between electric currents. The two parallel currents which are in the same direction attract each other and on the other hand, the two parallel currents in opposite direction repel each other. According to the modern theory, magnetism in solids arises due to spins and orbital motion of electrons and also due to the spin of the nuclei of an atom. Due to motion of electrons, the magnetic effects produced in magnetic materials. The magnetic moments associated with the atoms are due to three types of motions which are, one is the electron orbital motion, second is the change in orbital motion caused by an external magnetic field and third one is the spin of the electrons. In most of the atoms the electrons occur in pairs. When electron pair spins in opposite directions then they cancel each other means there is no net magnetic fields exist. In magnetic materials with some unpaired electrons show a net magnetic field and which react more to an external field. The major contribution is due to spin of unpaired valance electrons in magnetic field of the magnetic materials. These unpaired valence electrons produce permanent electronic magnetic moments. The nature of magnetization produced depends on presence of the number of unpaired valence electrons in the atoms of the solid and on the relative orientations of the neighboring magne tic moments. For the generation of net non-zero magnetic moment, number of such magnetic dipoles may align parallel to each other, with or without the application of magnetic field. As a magnetic material is kept in a magnetic field then it becomes magnetized. It means that the material itself becomes a magnet. Hence the intensity of the induced magnetism is called the magnetization. The magnetization is also called as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material. The magnetic force anywhere in space of magnetic field is described by a vector field .It is also called the magnetic induction. Let H Magnetic field M Intensity of magnetization B Magnetic induction Then the magnetic induction B is given by, B =  µ0 (H+M) Where  µ0 is the permeability of free space. The magnetic field produces due to motion of an electric charge. The electrons in a bar magnet about atomic nuclei are in constant motion. The motion of charge creates a tiny current, hence produces a magnetic field that means every spinning electron is a tiny magnet. When two electrons which are spinning in the same direction creates a stronger magnetic field. When a pair of electrons is spinning in opposite direction then their net effect cancel each other, hence there is no magnetic field which occurs in substances such as rubber, wood and plastics etc. When magnetic field is applied then materials turn magnetic field, they acquire a nonzero magnetization. On the basis of magnetic property as per the application of an external field, magnetic materials are divided into temporary and permanent magnets. In case of temporary magnets after the removal of the applied field will lose whose all or most of their magnetic properties. On the other hand in permanent magnet magnetic propertie s will retain or keep for a very long time. These temporary magnets are made from the materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. Hence, these materials are called as soft magnetic materials that mean outside a strong magnetic field they usually do not retain their magnetism. The total energy of the crystal is determined by the distribution of cations in a given spinel oxide. This parameter depends on other factors such as the size of ions, the limited space between the repulsive forces , Coulomb interactions between charges of these ions, effects of polarisation and ordering of cations. With the help of spontaneous magnetization Ferromagnets are characterized. In the absence of field, ferromagnets attain saturation magnetization in each of the domains. But the magnetization curve shows that an unmagnetized ferromagnetic sample displays no overall magnetization in zero fields. However, it requires an appreciable field to produce saturation magnetization value. Weiss domain hypothesis explained this discrepancy in between the theory and the observation. According to Weiss domain hypothesis, a ferromagnet of macroscopic size consists numerous regions is known as magnetic domains in the demagnetized state. In each domain all the atomic moments are aligned in same easy direction. In orders to minimize the magneto static energy, the direction of the spontaneous magnetization varies from domain to domain. The multi domains are formed, if the ferromagnetic grains are subdivided into many domains with walls between them. When the grain size which is in the order of the wall thickness, hence it is a single domain grain. The difference between multi domain and single domain grain is that the multi domain grains possesses a net zero magnetic moment due to different directions of the individual domain magnetization, but the single domain grains are always show the saturation intensity below its curie temperature. The single domain size range would be from less than 1OOOA ° which is less than the lattice constant of the material and hence these grains are also called as fine particles. The hysteresis behavior of these particles shows reversible magnetization curves. In this case there is a zero value of the remenance and the coercive force. The multi domain particles require a much larger magnetic field than single domain particle and hence super paramagnetic particles acquire saturated magnetization. When the changes in appropriate temperature, the hysteresis loop of single domain and due to super paramagnetic particles are interchangeable. However the m ulti domain particles are independent of temperature. In magnetism the major contribution comes from the spin of unpaired valance electrons which produces permanent electronic magnetic moments.